Plaza-Toro 	From plaza de toros, Spanish for bull-ring.
Grand Inquisitor	The head of an institution within the Roman Catholic church charged with suppressing heresy and promoting orthodoxy.
Gondoliers	Those who own and row the traditional flat-bottomed passenger-boats of Venice.
Contadine	Peasant women.
Piazzetta	The open space between the top of St Mark’s Square and the waterfront.
The Ducal Palace on the right	The traditional staging with the view of S. Giorgio Maggiore as the backdrop means that ‘on the right’ indicates stage right – on the viewer’s left.
The pink…	The finest example
…and flower	Ditto.
Dolce far niente	‘Sweet doing nothing’ – enjoyably wasting time on nothing very much.
Contradicente	Speaking against.
The emerald sea	The Adriatic, which Venice fronts, noted for its green appearance (though in the same song Antonio also calls it ‘shimmering blue’).
Ben venuti	Welcome.
Buon’ giorno signorine	Good day, young ladies.
Gondolieri carissimi	Dearest gondoliers.
Siamo contadine	We are peasant girls.
Servitori umilissimi	Your humble servants.
Per chi questi fiori bellissimi	Whom are these most lovely flowers for?
Per voi bei signori	For you, good sirs.
Eccellentissimi	Most excellent.
O ciel!	O heaven?
Buon’ giorno cavalieri	Good day, gentlemen.
Siamo gondolieri	We are gondoliers.
Signorina io t’amo	Lady, I love you.
Poveri gondolieri	Poor gondoliers.
Vagary	Eccentric or extravagant notion.
Short-coated	In children’s clothes.
Vespers 	Evening church service.
Vigil 	Devotional watch, especially on the eve of a festival or holy day.
Viva	Hurrah.
Castilian hidalgo 	Nobleman from Castile, one of the traditional region of Spain.
Halberdiers 	Soldiers bearing long spears with axe-heads at the end.
Cornet-à-piston 	Small valve-trumpet.
Grazier	One who grazes or feeds cattle or sheep for the market.
His Grace 	Traditional form of address to a British duke.
Count Matadoro, Baron Picadoro	Adapted from the titles of grades of bull-fighters, matador and picador.
By proxy 	By an agent acting on another’s behalf.
Barataria	An island invented by Cervantes for Don Quixote.
Wesleyan Methodist 	A member of one of the Protestant branches of the Christian church.
Allotment	Initial sale of the shares in the company.
Liquidation	Disposal of a company’s assets to pay off its debts.
Wind him up	A limited company that fails is subject to a ‘winding-up’ order, disposing of its assets.
Doughty 	Brave.
Paladin	A knight renowned for heroism and chivalry.
Jimp	Attractive, slim, graceful.
Timoneer	Helmsman, steersman.
Cordova 	English rendering of Córdoba, a city in Spain.
Canker 	Decay, rot, ulceration.
Hands across and down the middle	Traditional movement in nineteenth century dancing at country balls etc.
Undertaker 	Funeral director.
Grand Canal 	The main thoroughfare of Venice.
Rialto 	Location of Venice’s market and of the oldest (and for many years the only) bridge across the Grand Canal.
Ween	Opine, believe.
Bear away the bell	Carry off the prize (possibly deriving from a gold or silver bell sometimes given as the prize in races and other contests).
Ebullition 	Bubbling up.
The Chancellor in his peruke	A peruke is a wig – the Lord Chancellor traditionally wore a full-bottomed wig until the 21st century.
The Earl the Marquis and the Dook	Earl, marquis (or marquess) and duke are the three highest ranks of the peerage.
Coutts	Small and exclusive bank, founded in 1692.
On the box	The box of a coach is where the coachman sits.
In the stocks	A method of punishment whereby offenders were secured by the ankles, leaving them immobilised in a public place exposed to verbal and sometimes physical abuse.
Xebeque	More commonly spelt xebec: a small three masted Mediterranean vessel.
Cup and ball 	Game of dexterity, in which the aim is to propel a ball upwards and then catch it in a cup to which it is attached by a string – other names for the game include balero and biloche.
‘Morra’ etc	Ancient game in which two players each throw out a hand displaying one to four fingers and simultaneously guess how many fingers the other player will display.
Beau ideal	Example of perfection.
A legal fiction	An assertion accepted as true (though not literally so) to achieve an agreed legal purpose.
Interim order	Temporary order of a court of law, effective until a question is decided substantively.
Levee	A formal reception of visitors or guests.
Or ratify some Acts of Parliament	Acts of the British parliament become law only when the monarch has granted formal assent to them.
‘Shalloo humps’ and ‘shalloo hoops’	Parody of parade ground shouts of command.
Regalia and the Coronation Plate	Crown jewels.
Titivating	Smartening, sprucing.
With the Garter or the Thistle or the Bath	The three highest orders of UK chivalry, founded in 1348, 1687 and 1725 respectively.
In semi-state 	Dressed for everyday ceremonial occasions, without robes or crowns.
Passed the Rubicon	Passed the point of no return (from Julius Caesar’s unauthorised crossing of the river Rubicon which brought him into a state of rebellion against the Senate of Rome).
Livery	Traditional uniform provided for and worn by an employee of a king, nobleman etc.
Cachucha, fandango, bolero	Names of three lively Spanish dances.
Xeres 	Xeres – a town in Andalusia famous for its fortified wine, known in English-speaking countries as sherry.
Manzanilla	A pale, dry sherry.
Montero	An inexpensive fortified wine, popular in nineteenth century England.
The Lord Chamberlain’s office	The lord chamberlain is the senior official of the royal household.
Tuppenny	Head – convoluted derivative of rhyming slang: head = loaf of bread, abbreviated to loaf, whence tuppenny (two-penny) loaf, abbreviated to tuppenny.
Rhenish wine 	German wine from the Rhine valley – the finest specimens were highly regarded in the late 19th century.
Junket	Feast or banquet.
Jink		Lively or boisterous sport.
Toddy	Diluted rum or other spirit, usually served hot.
Shoddy 	Woollen yarn made by recycling wool from old fabric.
Sprats	Small sea-fish common on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and among the cheapest fish on sale.
Shovel hat	A hat, worn by bishops until the mid 20th century, with stiff broad brims turned up at the sides projecting with a shovel-like curve at the front and back.
Field-Marshal	The highest rank in the British army.
Small beer	Weak beer; hence, figuratively, trifling matters.
Lord-Lieutenant 	The official representative of the monarch in each British county formerly an important part of the defence of the realm, but since 1871 largely a ceremonial role.
Ipso facto	By that very fact (Latin).
Tartar	Originally a member of the eastern Tatars or Tartars, of whom Genghis Khan was the most famous – later applied to signify any ferocious person.
Progenitor	An ancestor or a parent.
Double-shotted guns 	Guns loaded with twice the usual amount of shot.
Colours nailed unto the mast	Ships’ flags (known as colours) were lowered as a mark of surrender; in battle nailing your colours to the mast signified that nothing would make you surrender.
Ninety-five quarterings 	Quartering is the dividing of a coat of arms into quarters to denote the joining of two noble houses by marriage; this process can be repeated at subsequent alliances.
Floated at a premium	Referring to shares issued in a new company which are so sought after that they command a greater price than their nominal value.
He was applied for over and over again	The earlier applicants being, presumably, creditors, bailiffs etc.
The Limited Liability Act	The Limited Liability Act, 1855 first allowed limited liability for corporations in the U.K, giving shareholders a measure of immunity from debt in the event of the failure of the company.
Recorders	Senior lawyers who sit as part-time judges.
MPs baronetted	Members of Parliament given baronetcies (hereditable knighthoods).
Gazetted	Being the subject of an pronouncement in the government’s official journal, The London Gazette – in this context having a military appointment promulgated.
Aldermen 	Senior tier of local government representatives.
Double-barrel 	Hyphenated and, to some, impressively grand surname.
Companies bubble	Speculative and unreliable commercial enterprises.
Écarté	Card game for two players, popular in London and Parisian society in the 19th century.
Five guineas	Five pounds and five shillings, or £5.25 in decimal currency; five guineas in 1889 was equal to about £500 in current values.
Soupçon 	A small quantity or slight trace.
Clarion	Trumpet.
‘Prème’, ‘stali’ 	Gondoliers’ technical terms in the Venetian dialect: ‘prème’ (push!) And ‘stali’ (tack!). (The libretto prints the first term as ‘premé’.)